If any of the following are present or suspected, please refer the patient to the emergency department (via ambulance if necessary) or seek emergent medical advice if in a remote region.
- Acute/severe renal or ureteric colic
- Acute renal or ureteric colic with obstruction and/or infection
- Acute urinary retention
- Urinary tract and genital trauma
- Urinary tract sepsis or severe infection
- Severe urinary tract bleeding
- Autonomic dysreflexia
- Foreign bodies
- Priapism
- Acute scrotal pain/ torsion of the testes
- Severe genital infection e.g. Fournier’s gangrene/epididymo-orchitis
- Paraphimosis – unable to reduce